polydispersity index dynamic light scattering

Besides, it can also be applied for energy storage (Guler et al., 2015 Mombeshora et al., 2022), photovoltaic energy conversion (Muduli et al., 2009 Wang et al., 2015) renewable energy (Lee et al., 2007 Muduli et al., 2009), sensors (Chen et al., 2022 Sánchez et al., 2007), bactericidal activity (W. Consequently, this nanohybrid shows promising properties, especially for environmental applications, in which it has been demonstrated to be efficient for the degradation of several dyes and pollutants (Chen et al., 2011 Da Silva et al., 2018 Hamid et al., 2014 Zhao et al., 2010 Zouzelka et al., 2016). In this context, the combination of TiO 2 and carbon nanotubes creates a composite with an increased photocatalytic activity, extended to visible light (Da Dalt et al., 2013 Da Silva et al., 2018 Hemalatha et al., 2015 Nasr et al., 2018). MWCNTs have good mechanical stability, electronic properties, and large surface area, acting as an electron donor, enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 (Olowoyo et al., 2019 Sharma et al., 2021). Therefore, there has been intensive effort to reduce the bandgap of TiO 2 so that it absorbs in visible regions of the spectrum (Hernández-Alonso et al., 2009). Due to its large band gap (3.3 eV), this particle only absorbs in the near UV-region. TiO 2 is a widely used nanoparticle it has low synthesis cost, high photostability and photocatalytic activity (Nasr et al., 2018). In this sense, the combination of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) is of particular interest to produce a nanohybrid material. The combination of two or more nanomaterials (NMs) to form nanohybrids can generate new functionalities and/or enhanced properties (Saleh et al., 2014). Nanohybrid materials have been attracting increasing attention, for applications as wide ranging as health, energy and environmental (Abbas et al., 2016 Ahmadi et al., 2017 Belkhanchi et al., 2021, 2020 Darbari et al., 2011 Ghartavol et al., 2019 Orge et al., 2017 Sharma et al., 2021 Shimizu et al., 2019 Yoon et al., 2021). This work is a novel contribution towards better understanding the nanobiointeractions of nanohydrids linked to their in vitro effects on fish cells in aquatic nanoecotoxicology. Raman spectroscopy imaging showed that TiO 2−MWCNT can be internalised by RTG-2 cells. Futhermore, cryo-transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that TiO 2 particles is attached on nanotube surface after FBS-protein corona formation in cell culture medium. This nanohydrid did not show any toxicity effect on RTG-2 cells up to 100 mg L −1 after 24 h of exposure as monitored by alamar blue, neutral red and trypan blue assays (in presence or absence of foetal bovine serum, FBS). In this work, we studied the cytotoxicity, protein corona formation and cellular internalisation of TiO 2−MWCNT on fibroblasts derived from gonadal rainbow trout tissue (RTG-2) for the first time. However, it is necessary to evaluate the toxicological effects of TiO 2−MWCNT towards safe and sustainable development of nanohybrids. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (TiO 2−MWCNT) nanohydrid has an enhanced photocatalytic activity across the visible light with promising applications in environmental remediation, solar energy devices and antimicrobial technologies.

Polydispersity index dynamic light scattering